Donepezil Hydrochloride The Active Ingredient - 4587 Words

Donepezil hydrochloride is the active ingredient in the prescription drug Aricept, a common drug used to treat mild, moderate, and severe Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. It is a reversible inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is responsible for the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Increased levels of acetylcholine are believed to relieve the effects of Alzheimer’s disease. Donepezil hydrochloride is known chemically by the IUPAC name 2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethoxy-2-[[1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl]-1H-inden-1-one hydrochloride (Figure 1). It is a white powder, and is available commercially as 5, 10, and 23 mg pills. Aricept, the original name-brand form of the drug, is marketed and sold by the pharmaceutical companies Pfizer and Eisai. However, the company Sandoz now makes a generic brand form of the drug as well, known as Sandoz’s Donepezil. Another generic form of donepezil created by Ranaxby Labs gained USDA approval in November of 2010, and a third generic form, made by Wockhardt, is in the process of gaining approval for sale (RxList). Figure 1: Chemical structure of donepezil (TRC). 3 Major Alternative Products to Donepezil Apart from donepezil HCl (or brand name Aricept), there exist several other drugs prescribed to treat the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Similar FDA approved drugs include galantamine, memantine, rivastigmine, and a donepezil and memantine mixture branded under the name Namzaric. Rivastigmine and

Bladerunner Humanity Of Deckard Roy Batty Essay examples

Roy Batty and Deckard are both able to show us what it means to be human. To what extent do you agree? Through Blade Runner, we see an epic quest filled with meaning and symbolism applicable to the human condition. Replicants are basically human beings, except for the fact that they lack a history. As a consequence of this, perhaps, they also lack proper emotional faculties especially empathy. Empathy is the ability to place oneself in the position of another living being and understand that person’s feelings. Blade runner promotes that empathy is the defining characteristics for humanity. The replicants, designed not to show any emotion, develop spiritually and emotionally throughout the film. The characters in the movie, even the†¦show more content†¦Again, all of these human characteristics that the non-human characters showed makes them more believable for the viewers. The whole definition of humanity is changed by its interaction with the Replicants. For the replicant Roy Batty it was obvious that that he felt strong emotions, perhaps even love for his fellow replicants. After Deckard killed Pris, Roy leaned over her and kissed her showing that he had loved her. He also showed these feelings for Pris and Zhora breaking two of Deckard’s fingers, one for Pris and one for Zhora. Although this act seemed quite inhuman, the motivation behind it seemed quite believable. He also demonstrates an inhumane role when he kills Tyrell but Tyrell is inhumane to create intelligent beings with such a limited life span displaying greed and manipulation. Batty also showed many human emotions as he talked of the horrors he had endured. It was obviously very difficult for him to take these nightmares as they affected him much in the same way it would have affected any human. He also exhibited human qualities when he saved Deckard from falling off the building. Quote: â€Å"Quite an experience to live in fear, isnt it? Thats what its like to live as a slave.quot; At the last moment, Roy saves him by grabbing his wrist with the nail-impaled hand. He draws him up to the roof, and lays him down. Pris also shows human qualities. Pris was very naive. She seemed to be the least developed of all of the Replicants andShow MoreRelatedBladerunner: Humanity of Deckard Roy Batty Essay789 Words   |  4 PagesRoy Batty and Deckard are both able to show us what it means to be human. To what extent do you agree? br brThrough Blade Runner, we see an epic quest filled with meaning and symbolism applicable to the human condition. Replicants are basically human beings, except for the fact that they lack a history. As a consequence of this, perhaps, they also lack proper emotional faculties especially empathy. Empathy is the ability to place oneself in the position of another living being and understandRead MoreA Study of Bladerunner Essay2089 Words   |  9 PagesA Study of Bladerunner In June of 1982, Warner Brothers released the highly anticipated Harrison Ford film Bladerunner. The film was directed by Ridley Scott, who earlier had a hit with Alien. Both films are science fiction films. The characteristics of the science fiction genre are quite broad. The main things science fiction films have in common are things such as the technology being far superior than today e.g. flying cars and bizarre, otherworldly imagery. HoweverRead MoreEssay Bladerunner1390 Words   |  6 PagesThe film text Bladerunner is rich with confrontational ideas about human nature and technology. Made in 1982 and set in 2019, Ridley Scott the director uses clever cinematography and soundtrack to develop his ideas; successfully illustrating a harsh but feasible future. The most significant and vital theme that Scott incorporates is the theme ‘what does it mean to be human’ best encompassed by the famous phrase ‘I think therefore I am’. The relationship between technology and human nature is alsoRead MoreBladerunner - Humanity and Nature1972 Words   |  8 PagesThe central theme of Bladerunner is the relationship between humanity and nature. More specifically it has a purpose in showing how science can negatively influence this fragile relationship. Set in Los Angeles of 2019 we see the decadence of western society into an inhumane harsh impersonal, technology -dominated realm. The inhabitants who fight for their daily survival are in desperate want for nature, contact with which is denied to them by the unrestricted scientific progress and the consequentRead More Bladerunner - Humanity And Nature Essay1948 Words   |  8 Pages The central theme of Bladerunner is the relationship between humanity and nature. More specifically it has a purpose in showing how science can negatively influence this fragile relationship. Set in Los Angeles of 2019 we see the decadence of western society into an inhumane harsh impersonal, technology-dominated realm. The inhabitants who fight for their daily survival are in desperate want for nature, contact with which is denied to them by the unrestricted scientific progress and the consequentRead MoreComparative Studies of Bladerunner and Frankenstein1157 Words   |  5 Pages Every text is a product of its time. In Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein†, she uses the gothic horror genre to explore some of the concerns of her time relating to the use of science and technology and its impact on humanity. Similar concerns are also present in Ridley Scott’s â€Å"Bladerunner†, a futuristic text which combines science fiction and film noir to present a bleak view of a future world overrun by technology and consumerism, but devoid of human emotion. Both these texts offer insights into the

The Return Midnight Chapter 5 Free Essays

â€Å"I thought you wanted to get out so we could talk to Damon,†Stefan said, stil hand in hand with Elena as she made a sharp right turn onto the rickety stairway that led to the second-floor rooms and, above that, to Stefan’s attic. â€Å"Wel , unless he kil s Matt and runs I don’t see what’s to keep us from talking to him tomorrow.†Elena glanced back at Stefan and dimpled. We will write a custom essay sample on The Return: Midnight Chapter 5 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"I took your advice and thought a little about the two of them. Matt’s a pretty tough quarterback and they’re both only human now, right? Anyway, it’s time for your dinner.† â€Å"Dinner?†Stefan’s canine teeth responded automaticaly – embarrassingly quickly – to the word. He real y needed to have a word with Damon later and make sure Damon understood his place as a guest at the boardinghouse – nothing more – but it was true, he could do that tomorrow. It might even be more effective tomorrow, when Damon’s own pent-up rage was spent. He pressed his tongue against his fangs, trying to force them back down, but the smal stimulation caused them to sharpen, nicking his lip. Now they were aching pleasantly. Al in response to a single word: dinner. Elena threw him a teasing glance over her shoulder and giggled. She was one of those lucky females with a beautiful laugh. But this was a clearly mischievous giggle, straight from her wicked, scheming childhood. It made Stefan want to tickle her to hear more; it made him want to laugh with her; it made him want to grab her and demand to know the joke. Instead he said, â€Å"What’s up, love?† â€Å"Someone has sharp teeth,†she responded innocently, and giggled again. He lost himself in admiration for a second and also suddenly lost hold of her hand. Laughing like a musical cascade of white water over rock, she ran up the stairs ahead of him, both to tease and to show him what good shape she was in, he thought. If she had stumbled, or faltered, she knew he would decide that her donation of blood was harming her. So far it didn’t seem to be damaging any of his friends, or he would have insisted on a rest for that person. But even Bonnie, as delicate as a dragonfly, hadn’t seemed to be the worse for it. Elena raced up the stairs knowing that Stefan was smiling behind her, and there was no shadow of mistrust in his mind. She didn’t deserve it, but that only made her more anxious to please him. â€Å"Have you had your dinner?†Stefan asked as they reached his room. â€Å"Long ago; roast beef – cooked.†She smiled. â€Å"What did Damon say when he final y realized it was you and looked at the food you’d brought?† Elena made herself giggle again. It was al right to have tears in her eyes; her burns and cuts hurt and the episode with Damon justified any amount of weeping. â€Å"He cal ed it bloody hamburger. It was steak tartar. But, Stefan, I don’t want to talk about him now.† â€Å"No, of course you don’t, love.†Stefan was immediately contrite. And he was trying so hard not to seem eager to feed – but he couldn’t even control his canines. And Elena was in no mood to dal y either. She perched on the bed, careful y unwinding the bandage Mrs. Flowers had just wound on it. Stefan suddenly looked troubled. Love – He stopped abruptly. What? Elena finished with the bandage, studying Stefan’s face. Well – shall I take it out of your arm instead? You’re already in pain and I don’t want to fool with Mrs. Flowers’s anti-tetanus treatment. There’s still plenty of room around it, Elena said cheerful y. But a bite on top of those cuts†¦He stopped again. Elena looked at him. She knew her Stefan. There was something he wanted to say. Tell me, she pressed him. Stefan final y met her eyes directly, and then put his mouth close to her ear. â€Å"I can heal the cuts,†he whispered. â€Å"But – it would mean opening them again so they can bleed. That wil hurt.† â€Å"And it might poison you!†Elena said sharply. â€Å"Don’t you see? Mrs. Flowers put heaven knows what on them – â€Å" She could feel his laughter, which sent warm tingles down her spine. â€Å"You can’t kil a vampire so easily,†he said. â€Å"We only die if you stake us through the heart. But I don’t want to hurt you – even to help you. I could Influence you not to feel anything – â€Å" Once again, Elena cut him off. â€Å"No! No, I don’t mind if it hurts. As long as you get as much blood as you need.† Stefan respected Elena enough to know that he shouldn’t ask the same question twice. And he could hardly restrain himself any longer. He watched her lie down and then stretched out beside her, bending to get to the green-stained cuts. He licked gently, at first rather tentatively, at the wounds, and then ran a satiny tongue over them. He had no idea how the process worked or what chemicals he was stroking over Elena’s injuries. It was as automatic as breathing was to humans. But after a minute, he chuckled softly. What? What? Elena demanded, smiling herself as his breath tickled. Your blood’s laced with lemon balm, Stefan replied. Grand mama’s healing recipe has lemon balm and alcohol in it! Lemon balm wine! Is that good or bad? Elena asked uncertainly. It’s fine – for a change. But I still like your blood straight the best. Does it hurt too much? Elena could feel herself flush. Damon had healed her cheek this way, back in the Dark Dimension, when Elena had, with her own body, protected a bleeding slave from a whiplash. She knew Stefan knew the story, and must know, each time he saw her, that the almost-invisible white line on her cheekbone had been stroked just this gently into healing. Compared to that, these scratches are nothing, she sent. But a sudden chil went through her. Stefan! I never begged your pardon for protecting Ulma at the risk of not being able to save you. Or, worse – for dancing while you were starving – for keeping up the society pretense so we could get the Twin Fox key – Do you think I care about that? Stefan’s voice was mock-angry as he gently sealed one cut at her throat. You did what you had to in order to track me – find me – save me – after I’d left you alone here. Don’t you think I understand? I didn’t deserve the saving – Now Elena felt a smal sob choke her. Never say that! Never! And I suppose – I suppose I knew you would forgive me – or I would have felt every jewel I wore burning like a brand. We had to chase you down like a fox with hounds – and we were so scared that a single misstep could mean you’d be hanged†¦or we would be. Stefan was holding her tightly now. How can I make you understand? he asked. You gave up everything – even your freedom – for me. You became slaves. You – you – were â€Å"Disciplined†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Elena asked wildly, How do you know that? Who told you? You told me, beloved. In your sleep – in your dreams. But, Stefan – Damon took the pain for me. Did you know that? Stefan was silent a moment, then responded, I†¦see. I didn’t know that before. Scenes strewn from the Dark Dimension bubbled in Elena’s mind. That city of tarnished baubles – of il usive glitter, where a whiplash that spread blood across a wal was as much celebrated as a handful of rubies strewn on the sidewalk†¦. Love, don’t think about it. You followed me, and you rescued me, and now we’re here together, Stefan said. The last cut closed, he lay his cheek on hers. That’s all I care about. You and I – together. Elena was almost dizzily glad to be forgiven – but there was something inside her – something that had grown and grown and grown during the weeks she was in the Dark Dimension. A feeling for Damon that was not just the result of her need for his help. A feeling that Elena had thought Stefan understood. A feeling that might even change the relations between the three of them: her, Stefan, and Damon. But now Stefan seemed to assume that everything would return to the way it was before his kidnapping. Oh, wel , why fret about tomorrow when tonight was enough to make her weep with joy? This was the best feeling in the world, the knowledge that she and Stefan were together, and she made Stefan promise her over and over that he would not ever leave her on another quest again, no matter how briefly, no matter what the cause. By now, Elena could not even focus on what she had been worried about before. She and Stefan had always found heaven in each other’s arms. They were meant to be together forever. Nothing else mattered now that she was home. â€Å"Home†was where she and Stefan were together. How to cite The Return: Midnight Chapter 5, Essay examples

Age Differences In Memory For Arousing And Non-Arousing Emotional Word

Question: Describe about study of cognition and emotion based on the journal Age differences in memory for arousing and non-arousing emotional words. Answer: Strength of the study Even as adults age, though there are many cognitive declines, the information with affective meaning conveyed to memory by socio-emotional processing are preserved. Older adults, on par with the younger counterparts are fast to detect emotional information and are most likely to remember affective and self-relevant information compared to other types of neutral details. The age-related change termed positivity effect in emotional memory has been observed where in older adults tend to remember positive non-arousing emotional words more when compared to younger adults who tend to remember the negative words more. However, an interesting observation made in this study by Elizabeth A. Kensinger demonstrates that the positivity effect was not observed with arousing emotional words where the older adults remembered both positive and negative words well enough. The findings of the study concluded that while aging preserves processing of arousing information, the non-arousing information pro cessing is altered. The study also allows careful selection of individuals, community or a population to ensure that the study results would represent the population studied. That is, the experiments with the selected participants can be generalized to the population about which the information is being analyzed. Here, the participants selected for the two experiments were different and young and older adults were selected after screening for medications that could affect CNS and exclude people with history of alcoholism, drug abuse or any other psychological or neurological disorders. Assessing the validity of the findings for accuracy is made easy through these processes. Generalizing of the results based on one experiment is not possible and does not yield accurate results. It was another important strength of the study that it made replication possible and two experiments were conducted. One of the weaknesses of the first experiment was that during the experiment, the participants were aware of the fact that their memory was going to be tested using a free call text after they have studied the words where in many participants tried to memorize the words. This provides with a liability where in the participants could have been influenced by the knowledge that they were going to be tested. But in the second experiment conducted the participants did not know that a recognition memory task would be conducted later. The results in this experiment replicated that of the first. The quantitative data obtained as a result of the study makes analysis through inferential statistical tests possible. Weakness of the Study A weakness in this study could be the fact that the type of memory task and encoding intentions between the two experiments were changed. That is, the first experiment used recall test and the second used recognition memory task. In this case it becomes difficult to determine whether there was some kind of interaction between the two variables. Also, the possibility that intentionality could have played a role in the first experiments recall task and the possibility of the same being reversed for recognition tasks comparatively should be considered. Another weakness of the study is the fact that the enhancement for arousing items is supported by processing that is preserved with age but for complete elucidation of these processes further studies will be required. For instance, this study doesnt take into account the findings of the socio emotional selectivity theory according to which the age-related positivity effect found in older adults may be a result of older adults greater moti vation to process emotional information. Perceptions of time are a key element in human motivation and while the study has taken into account the chronological age of the participants, the time limit perception has not been taken into account questioning the accuracy of the results. Emphasizing the memory nature of the tests could have an impact on the performance of participants. The findings were concluded based on two experiments conducted. A key strength of the study includes the fact that it provided the researchers with a better and stronger control over the variables considered. The purpose of this study is to enable the experimenter to isolate one key variable selected, the independent variable in this case are the words to observe its effects on another variable, the dependant variable which in case is the effect on memory. Here seventy five words from five categories including neutral words, positive and negative non-arousing words and positive and negative arousing words were chosen from Affective norms of English Words (ANEW) and the experimenters had complete control over the word selection. The selection of words was based on similar valence ratios, word lengths, image ability and frequency. This kind of study makes establishing a cause effect relationship between the chosen variables and determines whether or not it is the independent variable that is influencing the dependent variable. Rationale and description of the follow-up study There are a number of studies that reveal that with aging the negativity effect decreases and the positivity effect increases or remain stable over the course of adult life (Carstensen and Mikel, 2005). Among older adults, the enhanced sense of well-being on a daily basis could be a reason for this positivity effect. As demonstrated by these studies and their employment of cross-sectional methods of analysis, it is likely that this emotional well-being may be a characteristic of older adults rather than a result of aging. The successful maintenance of positive effect by older adults may be related to time perspective changes and a greater robustness in processing emotional information (Charles, Reynolds and Gatz, 2001). A rationale for a follow up study is whether the age-related bias in an individual can be altered by his/her perspective in a particular task and whether the perceptive that an individual takes can impact the memory processing at the implicit memory level compared to explicit and conscious memories. The foundation for evaluating this trajectory is based on the socio emotional selectivity theory. According to the theory when people have no perception of time and view their tie available as unconstrained are less likely to regulate their emotions, such as the younger adults. The theory focuses on the basis that emotional goals increase with aging and states that as people become older there is a shift in their cognitive framework in which they tend to avoid the negative content more pronouncedly (Hoyle Sherill, 2006). It has also been demonstrated through studies that when changing perceptions are considered, younger adults can show positivity effect when their time is limited. For instance, younger adults with life threatening illnesses have demonstrated positivity effect (Fung, Lai and Ng, 2001). From the perspective of time, the emotional processing in this case is altered with relation to age whatsoever. Also, encouraging younger adults to focus on certain emotional states ha s also been found to influence positivity effect in them (Lockenhoff Carstensen, 2007). Studies demonstrate that older adults have increased focus on active emotional regulation comparatively (Magai et al, 2006; Lawton et al, 1992). That is, older people are more effective at down regulating moods and restoring the positivity after experiencing a negative mood onset (Kliegel, Jager and Philips, 2007). Also, cognitive processing must be accounted for when considering age-related studies. Emotions and cognitions are closely related and a persons cognitive quality can impact the way he/she remembers information (Ochsner and Gross, 2005). Therefore, positivity effect can be defined as an interaction between age and valence such that an older adults memory and memory processing time is devoted to negative stimuli in a much smaller proportion compared to large positive stimuli processing and the scenario is vice versa with younger adults (Mather, 2006). This age by valence interactions are found frequently in memory studies and according to some recent studies, the older adults memory preference for positivity is specific is specific to the memory of the words themselves and does not extend to the associated contextual details of the positive stimuli (Kensinger et al, 2007). Therefore, the positivity effect is valid only when the memory abilities of younger and older adults are compared and this must not be confused with positive bias (Langeslag and Van Strien, 2009). The positivity effect thus obtained through these experiments could be result of motivational shift in processing of emotional words (Lockenhoff and Carstensen, 2004). Apart from these changes and the neurological effects, stereotyping regarding aging could also be a factor in impacting the cognitive performance in aged people (Hess et al, 2003). From the previous study, there have three patterns observed. First, young and older adults show no bias in remembering arousing words (positive or negative). Second, younger adults remember negative non-arousing words more. Third, older adults show a positivity effect as they remember positive non-arousing words more. However, recent studies have demonstrated that the memory performance decreased overall in recall and recognition tests when participants were primed with negative information. But the study however does not account for the intentional forgetting of emotional words, a process that is quite critical to efficient memory processing (Gallant and Yang, 2014). Also, the present study employed words with no variance in their valence. A persons forgetting behavior is just as important as his ability to remember. Intentional forgetting benefits memory by deleting information that is no longer required. A directed forgetting task is often used to study intentional forgetting (MacLeod, 1998). In an experiment conducted with thirty six younger and older adults each, an item-based directed forgetting task with a series of arousal-equivalent words that differed in valence, a recognition task were conducted. Each word in the list was followed by a cue to either remember it or forget it and a subsequent tagging recognition test was conducted to classify items as to-be-remembered or to-be-forgotten. While the valence of the words had no effect on the selective forgetting of the words by younger or older adults, in the performance of older adults, a goal consistent valence effect was noticed. Older adults tended to assign to be remembered cues to more positive words and listed negative words as to be forgotten. This demonst rated the role of socio emotional selectivity theory and emotion and directed forgetting underlie the age-related positivity effect (Gallant and Yang, 2014). The present study has tested the memory abilities of two groups but failed to consider the effect of age and valence on intentional forgetting. According to Gallant and Yangs study it is possible that both the age groups can intentionally forget words from each category and the tagging of words to be remembered or forgotten is affected by valence and the impact is different for younger and older age groups. This study result could be an extension on existing literature on age differences in memory for emotional words. Also, the present study used words as the emotional stimuli. Arousal plays differential roles in remembering or forgetting based on the emotional stimuli used. Hence, it is not clear if the results obtained with images as emotional stimuli would replicate those obtained with the use of words. By combining the two studies it can be determined whether the positivity effect would also be effective in situations where forgetting might be more favorable. Also, consistent emotional processing based on perspectives have been demonstrated across age groups. While in a standard test younger adults show negativity effect and the older adults show positivity effect when the perspective orientation was changed, the two groups tended to differ in the effects. Opposing perspective based shifts were noticed in the processing of emotion and they took characteristics of the other group. From these results, it is clear that there is an extensive impact of perspective on memory processing that has less to do with a persons chronological age and more to do with the ideologies of a person about his/her life, the opinions which may be inferred personally or through cultural expectations which are likely to impact the memory and cognition. Therefore, in our follow up study we can also take into account the participants perspectives and grouping can be done considering it as an important factor. References Carstensen, L. and Mikels, J. (2005). At the Intersection of Emotion and Cognition. Aging and the Positivity Effect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(3), pp.117-121. Charles, S., Reynolds, C. and Gatz, M. (2001). Age-related differences and change in positive and negative affect over 23 years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(1), pp.136-151. Chung, C. (2010). Effects of View of Life and Selection Bias on Emotional Memory in Old Age. GeroPsych: The Journal of Geronto psychology and Geriatric Psychiatry, 23(3), pp.161-168. Fung, H., Lai, P. and Ng, R. (2001). Age differences in social preferences among Taiwanese and mainland Chinese: The role of perceived time. Psychology and Aging, 16(2), pp.351-356. Gallant, S. and Yang, L. (2014). Positivity effect in source attributions of arousal-matched emotional and non-emotional words during item-based directed forgetting. Frontiers in Psychology, 5. Hess, T., Auman, C., Colcombe, S. and Rahhal, T. (2003). The Impact of Stereotype Threat on Age Differences in Memory Performance. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58(1), pp.P3-P11. Hoyle, R. and Sherrill, M. (2006). Future Orientation in the Self-System: Possible Selves, Self-Regulation, and Behavior. Journal of Personality, 74(6), pp.1673-1696. Kensinger, E. (2008). Age Differences in Memory for Arousing and Nonarousing Emotional Words. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63(1), pp.P13-P18.

The tattoo industry Essay Example For Students

The tattoo industry Essay The tattoo industry is an often type cast field, in many instances it is thought of as a delinquent activity carried out in remote and filthy cesspools of social deviancy by large hairy burly men who cant get a real job due to past felonious activity. I hope to shoot this popular misconception full of holes. One will find through experience only that this is truly not the case, these are legitimate places of business, ran n accordance to all health I have targeted a tattoo studio on Bessemer avenue, by the creative name of Inkslingers. As a matter of fact I received three of five tattoos here by Kevin Spainhour ho is also the subject of my interview. Judging by the parking lot, you would never suspect this place as being a successful propriety. The lot is ragged and broken with no more than half a dozen parking spaces, of those three are occupied by employees. As you approach the bright yellow sandstone building you cant help but admire the airbrushed artwork for a moment. The entrance is surrounded by tonguerings earrings dice and other As you walk in the front door you find yourself standing in front of a glass jewelers case. We will write a custom essay on The tattoo industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This is the counter where you pay for your overpriced tattoos, jewelry or other items. The man behind the counter was a very friendly black man about six feet tall with a pierced eyebrow. He greets each visitor with a welcoming hello. There is a partisian to the right that sections off the tattoo artists offices. This is where they go to prepare the stencils for each tattoo. Past this room is a lounge with two bright red couches and a glass coffee table with between them. On top of the coffee table sits two tall stacks of tattoo magazines. All four walls of this room are covered from the floor to the ceiling with flash. Flash are the pictures and designs that the studio provides for ustomers to choose from. Each section of flash is about the size o a piece of notebook paper and can have anywhere from one to forty different pictures on them. The studios are usually rather protective of these as each page costs anywhere from two to seven dollars. Of course customers do not have to chose their tattoo from the flash, they can bring in their own pictures from the internet, television, magazines, even your very own artwork or drawings. Their repetuar consisted of hundreds of different things tribal desighns, flowers, surreal objects and scenery, skulls, an assortment of animals, and any umber of other things. It was quite impressive. From this room the piercing room branches off. Inside there is a reclining dentists chair, a counter, and cabinets. Its full of medical grade equipment, sanitizing solutions, and Dixie cups. It is really not that much difference in appearance to an ordinary examining room that would be found at any reputable doctors office, with the exemption of the pictures of past piercings pinned to the walls. The last main room has a large pool table and a coke machine. There are four doors in this room one leading to the bathroom, and the others leading to small tattoo roooms. The rooms are decorated by their designated tattooist. Kevins room was covered from top to bottom in very interesting pictures. On top of the shelves sit macabre action figures of Spawn, Kiss and Ozzy. It is slightly cluttered with all the various trinkets, but it is interesting. It was in this room that I gave the interview. Kevin Spainhour has been giving tattoos for over seven years. .ub18724d98c9c68ed8344a35a900b22b0 , .ub18724d98c9c68ed8344a35a900b22b0 .postImageUrl , .ub18724d98c9c68ed8344a35a900b22b0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub18724d98c9c68ed8344a35a900b22b0 , .ub18724d98c9c68ed8344a35a900b22b0:hover , .ub18724d98c9c68ed8344a35a900b22b0:visited , .ub18724d98c9c68ed8344a35a900b22b0:active { border:0!important; } .ub18724d98c9c68ed8344a35a900b22b0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub18724d98c9c68ed8344a35a900b22b0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub18724d98c9c68ed8344a35a900b22b0:active , .ub18724d98c9c68ed8344a35a900b22b0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub18724d98c9c68ed8344a35a900b22b0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub18724d98c9c68ed8344a35a900b22b0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub18724d98c9c68ed8344a35a900b22b0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub18724d98c9c68ed8344a35a900b22b0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub18724d98c9c68ed8344a35a900b22b0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub18724d98c9c68ed8344a35a900b22b0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub18724d98c9c68ed8344a35a900b22b0 .ub18724d98c9c68ed8344a35a900b22b0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub18724d98c9c68ed8344a35a900b22b0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mother Courage and Her Children by Bertolt Brecht EssayHe began as a tattoo enthusiast. He received several from a man named Bull at a shop called Dynamic Design. He ended up spending so much time there, even when not getting tattoos that Bull took him in as an apprentice. Kevin reminds me that this was just his experience. Eventhough he fell into it many people plan and prepare for it by attending a school of the arts. After six months of apprenticeship he began to tattoo professionally but that was not the end of his education in the field, he is still learning even today. He stays current on new techniques and styles, he takes a little bit away from each tattoo he does. One might not associate continuing education with the tattoo education. Kevin enjoys his job each and every day. He of course has to do the occasional tweety-bird tattoo which is more of a chore than nything else for him, but for the most part he is very enthusiastic about each piece he does. According to him one of the most important skills he had to acquire is the ability to stay slow and steady. It is a natural tendency to want to rush or hurry but a good tattoo is done very methodically. They have to remain constantly aware of where the needle has been, where it is, and where it is heading. When Kevin works it is very different from traditional art, it seems more of an exacting procedure than anything else. If he was not meticulous in his work the customer will end up with an unsatisfactory piece that they are ermanently stuck with. All tattoo artists have their very own personal influences; Kevins are rather diverse. His include M. C. Escher, H. R. Geiger, Moreau, Norman Rockwell, japanamation films, and DC and Mcfarland comics. He seems to be attracted to the unusual. Kevin is unsure yet if he wants to make this his career, he began seven years ago not planning to spend most of a decade in the business. Like most tattoo artists his ultimate goal would be to own his own shop. It is unfortunate that this is the height of success for a tattoo artist. There are no chains or franchises in the business. As a tattoo artist he enjoys coming in contact with so many different people. It is a common preconception that people who get tattoos are delinquents. Sure he gets his fair share, but the majority of his clientele are very normal people. These days everyone and their goldfish have tattoos, eventhough the majority are young people, Kevin says I have tattooed doctors, lawyers, students on full scholarships, hell, two or three months ago I did a tattoo of a moon and stars for a grandma in her late sixties. Tattoo is not the taboo it once was, it is becoming more mainstream everyday. Some enthusiasts have even lost their enthusiasm for it because it is no longer underground. Another preconception is that tattoo artists are typically degenerates trying to make a buck. This too is not the case, I was introduced to the owner of the shop, a young guy named Jason, he has a degree in political science and no criminal history to boot. We are proud of what we do here, Kevin says. No corners are cut, they adhere to the strictest of sanitation practices, and are serious about their work. When a customer walks in the door to get a tattoo, they may or may not know what they want. Like a alesman they try to get a sense of direction from the customer as to what piece they might be interested in. Once they have this information they make some suggestions and show the customer what flash they have to offer along these lines. Any changes or additions the customer wants are gladly accepted. A price is settled on, which is usually not cheap. Next the customer is given the artists portfolio to view while they wait for the artist to trace the piece onto another piece of paper with special ink that they can transfer to the skin. Once the copying process is done they go to the room where the act will take lace. The customer is asked to sit whatever way, and remove whatever clothing is most convenient for the process. .u1787da5e94cbe8907d1d63202d744146 , .u1787da5e94cbe8907d1d63202d744146 .postImageUrl , .u1787da5e94cbe8907d1d63202d744146 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1787da5e94cbe8907d1d63202d744146 , .u1787da5e94cbe8907d1d63202d744146:hover , .u1787da5e94cbe8907d1d63202d744146:visited , .u1787da5e94cbe8907d1d63202d744146:active { border:0!important; } .u1787da5e94cbe8907d1d63202d744146 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1787da5e94cbe8907d1d63202d744146 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1787da5e94cbe8907d1d63202d744146:active , .u1787da5e94cbe8907d1d63202d744146:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1787da5e94cbe8907d1d63202d744146 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1787da5e94cbe8907d1d63202d744146 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1787da5e94cbe8907d1d63202d744146 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1787da5e94cbe8907d1d63202d744146 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1787da5e94cbe8907d1d63202d744146:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1787da5e94cbe8907d1d63202d744146 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1787da5e94cbe8907d1d63202d744146 .u1787da5e94cbe8907d1d63202d744146-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1787da5e94cbe8907d1d63202d744146:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Elwyn Palmerton EssayThe area the tattoo will be placed is then swabbed several times over with alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, green soap, and then water. Next either deodorant or green soap is used to facilitate the transfer of the stencil to the skin. If the recipient agrees upon the position then the tattoo begins. The tattooist sets up his small capfuls of ink and begins with linework. Once the outlines are established the color is filled in. The customer is allowed as many breaks as they need, and once finished the iece is sanitized again with green soap or in some very painful cases, alcohol. Of course no needles are reused, they are always broken and put in a sharps container. The gun is sanitized before and after a tattoo, and gloves are always used, and the seat is cleaned with disinfectant after each tattoo. The men and women who provide this service are exceptionally proud of their work. Not just in general, but personally. In many cases you will find a tattooist will not disturb or alter someone elses work, just as they would not appreciate the defacement of their own. Oftentimes it can be difficult to get the exact design you choose, so often they cant help but add their own personal flare to it. In rare cases a tattoo artist might refuse to give the same tattoo twice, once it is given it is crossed off the flash samples. It is a matter of honor; also one might find tattoo artists can sometimes be arrogant and elitist. They are fully aware of the great talent it takes to do what they do, and sometimes this I think it is safe to say I have riddled the misconceptions of old with so many bullet holes that they no longer hold water. In the two hours I spent in the shop with Kevin Spainhour, and in my various other visits over the past two years I have yet to see that big bald biker guy with the beard to his knees that every thinks of when they think tattoo artist. They are exactly what their name implies, artists, very skilled artists. They are not criminals, the shops are more sanitary than most doctors offices, and the clients are not social retards looking for a way to blow their ill-gotten money. Tattoo is quick becoming a mainstream form of self-expression and I think it is only fair that it finally receives some recognition.

Matthew 6 24

Matthew 6 24 Introduction/ Thesis statement The gospel of Matthew is a book that alludes to the Old Testament books and other books from the New Testament, which had preached the coming and the works of Jesus Christ. Though the book has about three divisions, chapter six, verses twenty four to thirty (Matthew 6:24-34), enormously condemns worship of wealth due to greediness because such worship competes with the true worship of the sovereign Lord. According to Matthew, Jesus used parables, narratives, and miracles to pass his message to the people.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Matthew 6: 24-30 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, he openly condemned ungodly practices like wealth possession at the expense of the faith of an individual. Matthew chose words with precision to ensure that all Christians, even children, clearly understood the message in the sermon. With application of literary elements like symbols and similes among others, Jesus convinced people to worship God and not wealth. Although the bible has different authors, some of the stories are parallel or similar especially in the Gospels, which are the case with Matthew, John, and Luke. Though translated from Greek, the book of Matthew (Matthew 6:24-30) elaborates the themes of faith or trust, materialism (wealth, possessions and greediness) and Christianity, which ultimately separate man from God. The passage translation Originally, Matthew 6:24-30 was in Greek, which led to different translations according to personal understanding of the text or message. Therefore, the following is the personal translation from the Greek language and New International Version (NIV). â€Å"â€Å"No one can serve two masters. Either you will hate the one and love the other, or you will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve both God and money. 25 â€Å"Therefore I tell you, do not worry about your life, what you will eat or drink; or about your body, what you will wear. Is not life more than food and the body more than clothes? 26 Look at the birds of the air; they do not sow, reap, or store away in barns, and yet your heavenly Father feeds them. Are you not valuable than they are? 27 Can any one of you by worrying add a single hour to your life?   28 â€Å"And why do you worry about clothes? See how the flowers of the field grow. They do not labor or spin. 29 Yet I tell you that not even Solomon in his entire splendor was dressed like one of these. 30 If that is how God clothes the grass of the field, which is here today and tomorrow is thrown into the fire, will he not much more clothe you- you of little faith?† (Matthew 6: 24-30 New international Version Bible). Choice of words in the translation in comparison to others The above translation may differ slightly from the Greek version due to the choice of words, which may have a slight different meaning. Greek is not as popular as Eng lish; therefore, the use of simple English verbs, phrases or words enables students or readers who are non-native speakers to study effectively.Advertising Looking for critical writing on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The words are simple, straightforward, and unsophisticated to enable anyone, even a child, to understand the message in the text. Due to simplicity, readers do not have to refer or infer to the original text in Greek or to the bible dictionary to get the meaning of the complex words in the text. Moreover, the interpretation of the message is easier due to the simplicity of the words; therefore, the themes like trust and faith are clear. The bible is a complex and enormous book that needs clarity of words; thus, simple words not only attract the readers, but also encourage them to read on. As aforementioned, English is a worldwide spoken language and unsophisticated language or choi ce of words enables all new learners to understand clearly the words including the message without the need of an instructor or a teacher for interpretation. Words like â€Å"single cubit† are complex words that will force a reader to use a dictionary. Therefore, I opted to use the word â€Å"increase your earthly survival time† to bring out the clarity that is lacking in the original text. The other word is â€Å"masters†, which I replaced with â€Å"people or individual† for easier understanding. The word ‘masters’ might have two meanings viz. a leader or a boss; therefore, it may confuse the reader. However, a simplified word like ‘person’ cannot have multiple meanings leading to clarity. I also used the word â€Å"richness† instead of â€Å"splendor† when describing King Solomon’s wealth to elaborate the text or message. Therefore, the simple choice of words as rich, people, and individual over others lik e Masters and splendor not only promotes easier understanding of the verses, but also attract new English learner to read and understand the sermon. The literary elements used in the passage Although the bible has been in existence for many years, Matthew explicitly used different literary elements to elaborate and cite the preaching of Jesus as it is the case in chapter six. According to Matthew, symbolism is one of the major elements applied by Jesus during his preaching. For instance, He used clothes, food, and money among other items during his preaching. According to Jesus, the aforementioned items connoted wealth, greediness, and other worldly possessions that most people fight and struggle to achieve. Even though Jesus did not condemn directly the issue of amassing wealth, the items he mentioned contribute to wealth, which eventually separate man from God. Money is a symbol of wealth, power, and luxury and thus anybody focusing on money is likely to forget about the existence of God in his or her life.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Matthew 6: 24-30 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the preaching of Jesus about wealth and God, it is evident that, in the process of amassing riches, an individual commits a number of sins. Such deeds not only diminish his or her faith, but may also end up shortening his or her lifespan. On the other hand, Jesus used wild birds, flowers, and grasses, which are symbols of poverty. True to Jesus’ words, birds, flowers, and grass do not have houses, own land, money, or clothes; nevertheless, they eventually live a happy life, something that majority of human beings lack. Jesus used such symbols to warn people of the futility of chasing earthly possessions at the expense of knowing and revering their Creator. Additionally, the body is a symbol of life and happiness; therefore, people who take care of their body or life assume God cannot d o so. For anybody to live a longer life on earth, he or she should have faith in God and not work hard to prolong it. Finally, Solomon was a famous sagacious rich King; he is a symbol of wealth. However, Solomon’s life did not shine, as it is the case with the birds. When Jesus used Solomon as a symbol of wealth, he meant to discourage people from struggling or worrying about wealth, which separates them from God. However, slightly complex, symbols motivate the readers to reflect and meditate on the message and understand it fully. To sum it all, Jesus used different elements of work to not only attract his listeners, but also to encourage them to trust in God. The second literary element is narration, which elaborates Jesus’ preaching. He gives a story on a servant with two masters before underscoring the inability to serve them equally. A servant is mostly a poor person struggling to survive and by having a divided attention, s/he will do a shoddy or poor work. The m aster will have to dismiss such a servant for inefficient work and the same story applies to anybody struggling to work for earthly possessions. The use of narration is to bring out simplicity in a bid to clarify the intended message or sermon. The second story is about birds, their lifestyles, and happy life void of anxiety. The third story is about wild flowers and grass, which shine but do not struggle to gain wealth. Though living in wild habitat, flowers and grasses worry less about what might happen the following day. Through narration, Jesus was able to use common examples that are visible and easy to understand; thus clarifying his preaching .The third literary element is a simile, which compares clothes to flowers. â€Å"Not even King Solomon with all his richness dressed like flowers† (Matthew 6: 29).Advertising Looking for critical writing on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Though not tended, flowers outshine clothes, which need skill and precision to make and even the inherent beauty of flowers outshines the clothes of a rich man. Therefore, the use of a simile in his comparison elaborates and clarifies the intended message. The simile gives a direct comparison to physical, visible, and tangible items thus making it easier for anybody to interpret the message. The different translations of the words ‘single cubit’ In the old books, the phrase â€Å"single cubit† is a bit complex when compared to my translation, which I have replaced with â€Å"extends earthly survival with one hour.† conventionally, an adult stops growing in height at the age of twenty-two. Therefore, he or she has to read the text with concern and deep reflection to understand the hidden meaning, which is to increase one’s lifespan. On the other hand, the best choice of words and other literary forms is simple, open, and clear; no complex words in th e translation. Moreover, simple forms of literary choices also promote clarity and easier interpretation of the text or message. According to the teachings of Jesus in the book of John, the word â€Å"food† has different or symbolic meaning as opposed to my periscope. According to John, Jesus used the word food not to mean literary eating, but to imply spiritual nourishment. In John, Jesus says, â€Å"My food, is to do the will of him who sent me and to finish his work† (John 4:31-36). Therefore, according to Jesus, his food was to nourish spiritually all people and the accomplishment of his earthly work is his ‘food’. Although Jesus and his disciples were hungry, he did not allow them to look for food until he was done with his preaching. The harvests from the fields are useless if nobody listens to the preaching of Jesus. When compared to Matthew, the word â€Å"food† has different meaning in the two books. While the book of Matthew literary uses ‘food’ to imply food for body nourishment or nutrients, the book of John uses the same to imply spiritual and Godly nourishment. Nevertheless, the apostle Luke uses the word ‘food’ when referring to the miracles of Jesus. In the book of Luke, the word ‘food’ has the literary meaning of eating for body growth (Luke 9:13). Though used in different books, both Luke and Matthew refer to ‘food’ as necessity for body nutrients, while in John it means listening to God’s word. The similarity, difference/contradictions of the story with other Gospels The story of ‘God and Possessions’ is also similar to the story of ‘trust in God’ in the book of Luke 12:22-29. In the two texts, Jesus is asking his disciples not to worry about wealth especially food, clothes, and other forms of possessions at the expense of their spiritual wellbeing. The two stories are also similar because the apostle Luke uses wild flowers and grass to symbolize poverty. In the same way, he also alludes to the Old Testament on the lifestyle of King Solomon in that, despite being rich, Solomon’s clothes were not as shinny as the flowers of the field. Therefore, the two stories have the same literary elements and thus the same meaning. The two disciples used the element of narration to emphasize the ministry work of Jesus. Additionally, though slightly different, the simile used in both stories is similar and thus has a similar meaning. The themes of the stories are same whereby trust, faith, Christianity, and wealth are the main themes highlighted. On the other hand, there is a slight difference because instead of using birds, Luke uses a cow as a symbol to elaborate his message. In addition, Luke does not start with a story about a servant with two masters; thus, slightly differs with the book of Matthew. The book of Luke also highlights the theme of management, which lacks in the book of Matthew. The two stori es also contradict because, while Matthew uses ‘bird’, John uses ‘cow’ to symbolically mean poverty yet both of them were the disciples of Jesus who listened the same story at the same time. Therefore, Jesus preached a similar story to the same audience but at different times, which led to the difference especially in the symbols used. Similarly, the commencement of the story is not in the same way because while Luke omits some of the aspects, Matthew adds some words or phrases that are missing in Luke’s text thus bringing out the contradiction or difference. Significance of the pericope to the First audience During the times of Jesus, most people struggled to amerce wealth, which made them to commit sins while others decided to worship their wealth and not God. Eventually, Jesus had to condemn the people’s act of leading to the emergence of the above pericope. Because of the tough times and the need to make ends meet, the first audience to li sten the sermon on the above pericope was not only surprised but also confused. Everybody has to work in order to meet his or her daily needs but Jesus was urging them to forget about that and concentrate on God (Musser Para.3). Therefore, Jesus compelled Christians to practice the virtues of faith or trust other than doubting God. However, some of the disciples and the followers of Jesus opted to forgo their daily routine jobs like fishing to preach the word of God. The disciples of Jesus had to trust in God for the provision of their daily upkeep thus most of them had to continue to compel Christians to worship God other than wealth or other gods. Significance of the pericope in the contemporary world Contemporarily, wealth or riches are the essential needs but at the expense of God’s word. Currently, both Christian .Most priests, pastors and other church leaders compete to drive lavish cars or enormous bungalows at the expense of their Christian faith. Some preachers or ch urch leaders/ elders especially of the newly sprouting churches fight for leadership positions in their institutions. The aim for fighting for the leadership positions is to enable them control church funds (money). On the other hand, â€Å"Christians or people who acquire wealth or riches in ungodly ways will definitely pay the price† (Wiersbe â€Å"Bile Exposition Commentary set volume 2† 1). Therefore, Christians should trust or have faith in God thus enabling them to acquire genuine wealth. In addition, most Christians like politicians and other leaders worship either their wealth (vehicles, bodies) or other gods. Some people decide to worship other gods because of the lure of acquiring quick money, which completely separates them from God. Due to greed, some church leaders accept or give bribes to gain favors. Others people (Christians) either practice politics or are politicians who end up supporting one party or the other. Finally, enmity brews up in most church es or Christians. When Christians practice virtues like equality, trust, faith, mercy and love everybody in the world will be worshipping God. Due to fight for power, money and other forms riches kill, fornicate, or even consult witch doctors thus separating them from God. Eventually people or Christians are not only living a devilish lifestyle but also die prematurely. According to Wiersbe â€Å"Bile Exposition Commentary set volume 1†, people or Christians who trust God for their daily provisions live both a longer and peaceful life (15). Therefore, the above pericope preaches or ministers to both Christians and non-Christians to practice Godly virtues. Thusly, the world will be a better place to be if wealth is not a priority among Christians. Conclusion In Summary, the book of Matthew is an entity in the bible that preaches the desire of Jesus. Jesus always wanted Christians to practice Faith and trust in God for their everyday survival. Although the pericope is in many t ranslations, the message is the same. The apostles of Jesus were among the early Christians or audience to hear the above pericope. Most of them opted to follow Christ and his preaching and they had to forgo their jobs or family. Contemporarily, few Christians practice the message in the above pericope. Besides worshipping wealth, they also adore other god apart from the sovereign mainly due to greed. Some even kill or fight due to property ownerships but if they adhere to the message in the above pericope, nobody in the world will die or fight over wealth. Finally, according to the pericope God is the provider of all earthly riches therefore anybody who struggles singly to acquire wealth will end up as a pauper. Musser, Donald. An introduction to the Bible revised edition. Nashville: Abingdon, 2001. New international Version Bible, 1999. Web. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%204:31-36version=NIV Wiersbe, Warren. Bile Exposition Commentary set volume 2. New York: E vangelical Christian Publishers Association, 2009. Wiersbe, Warren. Bile Exposition Commentary set volume 1. New York: Evangelical Christian Publishers Association, 2004.

Air Transport Economics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Air Transport Economics - Coursework Example Therefore, it is inherently necessary to implement and adopt the most efficient strategies that will help the company to earn maximum profits and sustain among its competitors (Akyuwen, 2011; Varnes, 2010). An effective pricing strategy is very essential in order to attract larger volume passengers towards Longways airlines. Since the company has for once, suffered from financial crisis, it is necessary to set the fares of their aircraft in such a way that the passengers are also benefited and the company also does not incur any loss, i.e. at the point wherein the company can balance its profitability and customer satisfaction efficiently (The Chartered Institute of Marketing, 2015). To be noted, Longways is a small airlines company with many competitors dominating the European market. Thus, it is quite necessary for the company to set competitive prices, maintaining parity with the fare charged by its competitors (Intervistas, 2015). To be noted in this regard, after the financial crisis, the company is left with only two aircrafts that provides the facility of both economy class as well as business class seating arrangements. While one of its aircrafts contain only economy class seat s, the other aircraft hosts 50 business class and 200 economy class seating arrangements. As the economy class is meant for the common middle class people, the price of the fair should be kept to some extent lower than that of its competitor’s fair without compromising the quality of services provided (Knorr & Zigova, 2004). However, the business class is meant for the higher-class people and therefore, the prices may be kept higher, as they would not hesitate to afford a comparatively higher fare. Moreover, this will also help the company to adjust with losses that the company suffered from lowering the price of the economy class (Bloomberg, 2015; Malighetti & et. al, 2009;

Machiavelli's Understanding of Virtue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Machiavelli's Understanding of Virtue - Essay Example In his work The Prince, Machiavelli suggests that he has authored something of practical value for anyone who understands it, and it will appear that he strives for practical utility rather than abstract or religious notions of goodness or virtue.3 Although tradition and religion equated effective rule by a ruler with upright behaviour and virtue, requiring a ruler to be a good Christian, Machiavelli goes forth to suggest boldly that any ruler who took such advice was staring at ruin. In Machiavelli’s opinion, it is far more important for any ruler to save the state than to worry about vices. Thus, according to Machiavelli, a ruler or a prince should only appear to possess conventional virtues such as liberality, mercy, trustworthiness, and piety.4 Machiavelli states that it is likely that the people will take for granted generosity in a ruler and then proceed to demand generosity. Thus, it is best to avoid generosity because this virtue is likely to force a ruler to burden th e people with taxes to make the ruler unpopular.5 Machiavelli argues against the bad use of mercy by a ruler because it is impossible to keep a people united and prepared for action towards progress without a fear of the ruler.6 In Machiavelli’s opinion, it does not make sense for a wise ruler to keep his word if the consequences of this were to cause the ruler harm because all men are wicked and self-interested creatures who do similarly.7 Thus, Machiavelli argues only for appearances of virtues in a ruler because such appearances serve best, but in reality, a ruler must do that which benefits the ruler most.8 In all his arguments presented in his work The Prince, Machiavelli maintains a focus on the growth of the state, with a ruler or prince having a need for recognising that states grow, or they may end. Thus, although Machiavelli does not dismiss Christian virtues, recognising their appeal and prestige, he urges the ruler to adopt a proper use of traditional virtues. Acc ording to Machiavelli, if times are peaceful and all men virtuous, a ruler can afford the luxury of moral practice, but a ruler should be prepared to cultivate an appearance of virtue while exercising its opposite to ensure that the state will remain secure. Machiavelli maintains in The Prince his stance that a prince or a ruler, especially a new ruler, cannot maintain all things good and virtuous because of a need for maintaining the state by acting against faith, charity, humanity and religion when the situation demands this.9 Thus, it will appear that according to Machiavelli, practical utility and success are far more important than any loyalty to notions of virtue or good. In his work The Prince, Machiavelli observes that the remarkable deeds of Hannibal, involving a tortuous logistical movement of men and elephants over tall and virtually impassable mountains, was cruel but practically necessary for success, and this is what he expects from his prince.10 Machiavelli’

Symbolism in Days Of Heaven (1978) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Symbolism in Days Of Heaven (1978) - Essay Example The characters were enticed to do wrong in many symbolic acts that carried significant meaning. They were subsequently deprived of the Lord’s blessing and suffered tragedies. This movie was a love story, full of tragedies and disasters. The protagonist, Bill, and his two friends, Blackie and Steve were dragging away a safe they had stolen when a group of policemen stopped them. Steve was shot by a policeman and died in Bill’s arms. It was a parody of a story from Genesis 4:8; ‘Now Cain said to his brother Abel, â€Å"Lets go out to the field.† And while they were in the field, Cain attacked his brother Abel and killed him.’ (Zondervan 8). Only in Days Of Heaven, Bill didn’t directly kill Steve but maybe their crime of theft indirectly killed him. Bill broke a commandment and became a fugitive from the law. When Abby got married to Chuck Shepard, Chuck paid Bill more wages than he deserved although he suspected that Bill wasn’t Abby†™s brother but her boyfriend. Chuck gave extra money to Bill in a gesture that was symbolic of a peace offering to compensate Bill for giving up Abby and letting him (Chuck) have her as his wife. Bill recognized this as a symbolic act of reconciliation and he refused to accept it because of his pride. When Benson voiced his suspicions to Chuck about the validity of Bill and Abby’s sibling relationship, Chuck would rather not hear although he indicated he saw through the masquerade. Chuck’s refusal to hear or investigate the truth is symbolic. He was blinded by love for Abby.

Situation Analysis For 42below Feijoa Vodka Marketing Essay

Situation Analysis For 42below Feijoa Vodka Marketing Essay 42 Below Vodka which is the worlds most awarded vodka according to its website is one of New Zealands most recognized alcohol exports to the world. 42 BELOW Limited, is a drinks manufacturing company based in downtown  Auckland,  New Zealand. Their foremost product is the  vodka  42 BELOW, the  gin  South Gin, as well as  420 spring water  (which is sparkling mineral water) and the cheaper brand  of Stil Vodka (Wikipedia, 2012).   42 Below is made from  genetic engineering-free wheat. The name also refers to the southern latitude where the product is manufactured just north of  Wellington  on New Zealands 42nd parallel and it is also a reference to the 42% alcohol content of the beverage. The specific product that will be the focus of this assignment is the 42 Below Feijoa Vodka which is made with the feijoa, a native  New Zealand  fruit, and has 42% alcohol content. It also has the hint of guavas and pineapple as well and is a relatively new product for the company. Vodkas are considered to be spirits that are principally neutral that is, without distinctive character, aroma, taste or colour (MediaWiki, 2012). Nevertheless, buyers do distinguish between them according to taste, alcohol content, and most notably, price. The target market for this product: 42 Below Feijoa (referred to in this report as Feijoa) will be the youth and this product will especially be marketed with a kiwi-culture concept to those with a patriotic streak. A price of around $37.99- $42.99 puts this vodka in the mid-price range which will also be a plus. 42 Below undertook a preliminary public tender of shares and warrants in 2003. On 27 September 2006 the firm received a takeover offer of $0.77/share from  Bacardi Ltd  , which expanded the value of the business to NZ$138 million. Bacardi looked at 42Below as a fledgling company but with much long-term growth potential in the international market. The takeover was victorious and 42 BELOW Limited is now completely owned by the Bacardi group. Market of interest, trends and size Market of interest: The New Zealand vodka market is currently saturated with a variety of products but 42 Below Vodka is a brand that has immense local brand awareness. In the language of Kiwidom, 42 Below is world famous in New Zealand. To capture market allocation, 42 Below Vodka has had to establish and cultivate a strong brand-name. This report discusses the introduction of Feijoa to Kiwis (here and abroad) and the best ways to achieve profitable sales. Feijoa is out to recapture Kiwis who are patriotic and always crave for a taste of New Zealand beginning with those who are in the country and continuing abroad. Trends and size of the market: Statistics New Zealand records that the volume of spirits (containing more than 23 percent alcohol) increased 217,000 litres (1.7percent) to 13 million litres in 2011 and according to them vodka sales were up 9% in popularity. This shows that the market size for Vodka in New Zealand is substantial and that the trend of the spirit market, especially that of vodka, is that it has continually increased in size. This also reiterates that the demand for vodka and vodka based products is going from strength to strength in New Zealand. External environment impacts Analyzing the environmental aspects is advantageous for comprehending how the present trends and developments could influence the promotional plan of our product. It is very important to keep up with the trends in the market to gain a competitive edge over our rival companies. Some of the current trends in the external environment and how these could affect out marketing plan are listed below. Social Networking One of the key trends in society today is the use of social networking. It is vital for our company to create and manage a Twitter Account as well as a Facebook page, which will permit current and potential consumers of our products to keep in touch with the company, ask questions and keep up-to-date on all our company and product promotions. A campaign that uses promotions, contests and other creative ideas on Facebook will allow Feijoa to have a higher level of input from and better communication with the consumer. These channels can also be used to maintain a high standard of our product with the consumers. Online Websites Online Websites are also great place for buyers to gather information regarding products on sale. It is therefore essential that our company has a technologically advanced and informational website about our products and the company. Consumers should be able to query about our product, locate information and buy said items using our website. We will look at upgrading our current website to this level: http://www.42below.com/ Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the responsibility of an organization for the impacts of its decisions and activities on society, the environment and its own prosperity. (MPI, 2012) it is seen as trendy for alcohol-based companies to integrate CSR into its advertising. At present, companies try to communicate messages like: Drink responsibly and You dont want to spoil a great party. A company sees it as its responsibility to inform consumers about responsible alcohol consumption. (ECMAM, 2009). Feijoa has plans to incorporate CSR into our promotions activity because it is important for any alcohol selling company to notify customers that it is fundamental to drink responsibly. Green Image The idea of going green is very popular in todays society. The buzz today is to try and protect our planet and her resources. Integrating the idea of being green in our marketing can be very advantageous in getting customers to buy our product. For our company to exploit this trend, we will advertise about the green aspects of our manufacturing and bottling process. Our company can also donate funds to green causes for every bottle of Feijoa bought. Competition Analysis An analysis of the current competition for 42 Below Feijoa Vodka, centered on the 3 most popular vodkas sold in New Zealand today, is presented. Using SWOT analyses, the identifiable weaknesses and strengths of Feijoa in the light of this competition has been examined. Key threats and key opportunities have also been identified. Current Situation 42 Below Vodka is a well known brand in New Zealand. It is, as they say, world famous in New Zealand. Made in the Wellington using the pure softness of New Zealand sparkling water, 42 Below Vodka has fashioned itself as a popular brand of vodka in New Zealand and abroad. 42 Below Vodkas current goal is to expand its vodka range and offering customers first-rate feijoa based vodka at an affordable price. Feijoa plans to target the higher class youth market consisting of high-end nightclubs, hotels, and restaurants plus the demographic that frequents these enterprises: youthful professionals, younger professional people, and others with an prosperous standard of living. Problem Identification The fundamental problem that Feijoa faces is entering into an already overcrowded New Zealand market with absolutely no taste awareness for a feijoa based alcoholic beverage. A strategic plan for acquiring considerable market share is crucial. Opportunity Because 42 Below Feijoa is entering an entirely innovative niche in the market, it has the prospect of building everything from square one including: image, a name for the product, and strategies to market the product. The first thing we need to do is create a brand image for Feijoa whereby it will begin to establish a connection with its target audience. The branding aim is to position Feijoa foremost in the minds of its target consumers whenever they think of buying highest quality pure vodka for their businesses, special events, parties and getaways. Feijoa will also need to develop an exceptional and continuing image of this vodka for targeted consumers. For example, another vodka distributed in New Zealand, Absolut Vodka, has a website that can attract and grip the attention of even a teetotaler, because the imagery and list of possibilities on their website are so compelling. Feijoa needs to develop an image that will boost our products status value and impression and enthralls its target market. Feijoa will have to implement clever marketing strategies in order to activate and propagate such a mesmerizing image for its product, Situation Analysis 42 Below Feijoa Vodka is entering into a completely new market segment under flavored vodkas where the targeted consumers already have preferences when it comes to buying vodka. Thus, it is necessary to carry out a SWOT analysis of both 42 Below Feijoa and the competition so that the company can obtain a lucid view of this new environment. An industry analysis will help Feijoa to create the precise brand awareness for its own vodka and to understand the nature of its competing products. There are currently many brands of flavoured vodka in New Zealand liquor stores. Its popularity can be attributed mainly to its neutral flavour and adaptability as a mixer. Many vodkas are reasonably priced and are intended to be mixed with other drinks like orange juice or apple cider or mixed in Bloody Marys, martinis and other cocktails. Other brands of vodka are dearer and drunk ice-cold, either straight-up (neat) or on-the-rocks (on ice). Flavoured vodkas are well liked. 42 Below Feijoa Vodka has impending competition from a wide range of pre-existing flavoured vodka products in its selected environment. Feijoa will understand how to best penetrate its new market after carrying out a full examination of its competitors. Competitor Analysis Vodka is usually distilled from rye and wheat grains or from beets or potatoes. After distillation, charcoal is usually used to filter the vodka. The more one distils and filters vodka, the clearer and purer its taste becomes. Therefore, the expensive vodkas are usually those that have been distilled and filtered numerous times. Vodka needs to be diluted before it is packaged as it has a very high percentage of ethanol, usually 95-96% (Wikipedia, 2012). Vodkas are considered to be spirits that are principally neutral that is, without distinctive character, aroma, taste or colour (MediaWiki, 2012). Nevertheless, buyers do distinguish between them according to taste, alcohol content, and most notably, price. There are three broad categories of flavoured vodka in relation to cost and it is useful to 42 Below Vodka to see where its product is positioned. Feijoa has completed an environmental scan of three price ranges of flavoured vodka in Auckland lower range, mid range and premium priced. To best understand the competitive environment, three of the most popular flavoured vodkas from different price categories have been identified for SWOT analysis. Lower cost range: Vodka Cruiser Mid cost range: Absolut Premium cost range: Grey Goose The subsequent discussion and charts discuss the results of this analysis for Cruiser, Absolut and Grey Goose. Internal environment impacts Financial Analysis In 2003 42 Below vodka was being distilled in a garage in Wellington. Now the spirits firm is New Zealands most exponentially growing listed company and has just been taken over by U.S. alcoholic beverage giants, Bacardi who paid NZ$138m (US$91m) for it. Just as impressive as the growth in revenue, which increased by 2,116% over the last two years, is where 42 Below vodka is being sold. The companys markets are the US, the UK, Australia, and New Zealand in that order. (iStart, 2007). Internal Organisation and Structure Bacardi Limited is the company that has bought out 42 Below in 2006 and has made 42 Below its irreverent completely out there vodka for those who want to do things differently. The board of Bacardi Limited consists of 14 members of the Bacardi kin and four autonomous directors. Bacardi Limited runs its empire with the presence of an International Leadership Team that looks after the main decisions of all its brands, 42 Below being one of these. The Leadership team is made up of the chief executives based all over the world: The Chairman of the Board of Bacardi Limited since 2005 is Facundo L. Bacardi who is also the great-great grandson of Company founder Don Facundo Bacardà ­ Massà ³ and a fifth generation family member. President and Chief Executive Officer of the company is Ed Shirley who was elected a Director by the Board in March 2012. Ron Anderson is the Senior Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer and is responsible for commercial capabilities of the internationally known portfolio of premium spirits with focus on enhancing sales force capabilities, commercial effectiveness and implementing robust go-to-market programs (Bacardi, 2012). Scott M Northcutt is Senior Vice President of Human Resources of Bacardi Limited and is responsible for all everything to do with employee career improvement, employee pay schemes, progression planning, as well as management and organisation advancement. Silvia Lagnado, Jacques Croisetià ¨re, Stefan Bomhard, Caroline Basyn, Robert Furniss-Roe, Jon Grey, Paolo Perego, Eduardo Sà ¡nchez, Siddik Tetà ­k and Atul Vora make up the rest of the members of Bacardis Leadership Team. 42 Below has acquired its own Managing Director, Paul Dibbayawan, who was headhunted by Bacardi to manage 42 Below and joined this iconic NZ brand last year. Manufacturing Processes 42 Below Feijoa Vodka is made from genetic engineering-free wheat from the Canterbury Plains and pure New Zealand still and sparkling mineral water. And, because 42Below is truly obsessed with creating great vodka, it uses a high saturation distillation process with the vodka distilled 4 times and filtered through 35 separate filters (Bacardi, 2012). The result is distilled twice, prior to being rinsed in spring water, achieving a saturation point that brings a high level of purity and freshness to the vodka. 42 Below then faces distillation a third time. It is then charged with charcoal to eliminate any final contaminations before being filtered. It is then diluted with local sparkling spring water (DrinkSupermarket, 2012). 42 Below is diluted with water from the mineral springs from deep underneath the volcanic highland in the heart of New Zealands North Island. This spring has been graded AA by World Health Organisation indicating water of supreme cleanliness and purity (DrinkSupermarket, 2012). Human Resources The person in-charge of Bacardi Limiteds HR activities is Scott M Northcutt but 42 Below is a Kiwi company with its own Managing Director Paul Dibbayawan. When Bacardi Limited took over 42 Below, the entire staff was retained and the production remained in New Zealand to keep the identity of this iconic Kiwi brand. 42 Below has a very relaxed HR management style. The companys headquarters has been famous for announcing (on their walls) that they cull their staff once every six weeks so that their vodka secrets do not leak out. Management As discussed above Bacardi Limited has its own Leadership Team that functions as its International Management system as well but 42Below is also a Kiwi company with its own Managing Director Paul Dibbayawan who is now settled in Takapuna. 42Below is run like a publicly listed company. Whilst we are not a publicly listed company, the Bacardi CEO is really setting the direction for us to be governed in the same way. We are putting a lot of the systems in place as if we were. It just makes perfect sense. The regulations and transparency are there for a reason so it is only sensible to follow that best practice. Stated Dibbayawan in an interview (The Director, 2008). Research and Development 42 Below has hired the vodka professor and his job involves going around the world running sessions called vodka university (The Director, 2008). They mix and match all vodkas and mixers from all over the world with bar-people and this process is what they classify as research. Marketing Function When it comes to 42Below, they dont sell a product; they sell an idea, an experience even. 42Below doesnt have sales reps, it has ambassadors. Nobody has titles, except for kind of nickname titles. The creator and boss of 42Below had the title of Chief Vodka Bloke. The marketing and promotions output from 42Below is distributed under the title of propaganda (42Below, 2012). When one goes through each of the propaganda material, youd notice that none of the twelve current marketing posters sell 42Below as a product; they all sell the experience of purity, kiwiness, uniqueness, perfection, irreverence, everything that 42Below is famous for. An innovative orientation for the intuitive sensing of what the market needs involves an entrepreneur who can come up with a new idea first and then think about how and where he will sell the product (Stokes, 2000). This opportunity-focused posture was adopted by 42Below and allowed strategies to emerge over time (Rahoi-Gilchrest, 2007). Instead of selling vodka, they sold stories and experiences that are unique from branding to production; a positioning that gave them an exceptional competitive advantage (Morrish  HYPERLINK #idb19et al.HYPERLINK #idb19, 2010). Location 42 Below vodka is headquartered in the Britomart area where a large poster announces that We have to kill all our staff every six weeks.   The company recently had to move into bigger premises from its Penrose location, and has taken over a building in the Britomart complex in the Auckland CBD. External Relationships As a company that believes in marketing dreams, visions and experiences in contrast to products, 42Below has created and nurtured many external relationships to help it achieve its aims. 42Below has long supported Hollywood by supporting our own Wellywood greats like Peter Jackson and hopefuls like Mark Albiston and Louis Sutherland. The Lord of the Rings Oscar party included goody bags to the VIPs that included 42Below products amongst other things. Albiston and Sutherlands participation and win at the Aspen Shortfest was made possible by 42BELOWs sponsorship. 42BELOW has also been one of the principal sponsors at the New York Film Societys event honouring Michael Douglas in 2010. 42BELOW has also supported NZ Music Month. 42 At The Zoo was seen as a celebration of New Zealand Music Months success for a decade. 42BELOW also hosts a  Cocktail World Cup in New Zealand every year since 2004. Vodka cocktail making or mixology, as 42Below calls it has become a world renowned skill for bar managers everywhere. 42Below flies in the proven mixology team from all over the world to New Zealand annually to participate in this competition. 42Below has also co-sponsored events like Hilarity For Charity 2012 in support of the Alzeimers Association in Los Angeles in January this year. 42Below has many other external relationships that helps it market dreams, visions and experiences. High Quality Competitive Positioning Perceptual Map High Price Low Price Low Quality Ethical standing For Paul Dibbayawan the four elements of social responsibility for drinking is a very important factor when it comes to marketing the drink. He has strict guidelines that stop the company from participating in any marketing propaganda that could involve minors, drink driving, binge drinking or being sexually liberal. We dont want to be appealing to minors we dont want minors to drink. We dont want drink driving thats a big problem in New Zealand. We dont want excessive binge drinking. And we dont want people to think that if they drink the brand, theyll immediately be sexually successful. (The Director, 2008) Another important thing about the socially responsible marketing strategies of 42Below is that they do not participate in mass marketing like billboards, newspapers or magazines as these according to Dibbayawan do not actually reach the target audience and may lead to minors buying the product instead. Other (A Culture of Excellence) 42Below has a culture of excellence when it comes to its products and this is illustrated by the list of awards that the different flavours and the original vodka have won over the years. The original vodka has won gold for 7 years straight and silver the year it was introduced to the world competitions. 42Below currently has the reputation of winning more vodka awards than any other brand in the world. This culture of excellence is a huge marketing advantage for 42Below especially when launching a new product like Feijoa Vodka since this excellence can be used to catapult Feijoa above its competitors. Situational Analysis Summary 42Below Feijoa Vodkas environmental scan has determined that Feijoa has a number of competitive advantages over brands in the NZ flavoured vodka market. As a quality brand, it surpasses vodka in the lower and mid price ranges. Its major competition in the mid price category is Absolut but Feijoa has a unique filtering process with distinctive and pure NZ ingredients and it has 2% more alcohol content than Absolut. Based on the SWOT analysis (please refer to diagram) of other well-known vodka brands in NZ plus 42Below, we are able to create a perceptual/positioning map (please refer to diagram) that indicates the market positions of assorted vodka competitors and how competitive Feijoa can be. Moreover, this analysis will give me leeway to suitably adapt the brand and its marketing campaign. According to the positioning map, Feijoa holds a spot at the top end of high quality however is positioned with an unexpectedly reasonable price that does not correspond with its excellent quality. In other words, compared to its competition, 42Below Feijoa Vodka is a high quality product at a relatively low price.

Peter Brook Essay -- essays research papers fc

It is noted in many books that near the start of his career, Peter Brook was attracted to both plays and techniques that expressed human contradiction. He often wondered, though, whether there were any modern playwrights who could possibly equal the richness and complexity of Shakespearean verse, and often complained about the improbability of ever finding material to work on or to produce as stimulating as that of Shakespeare. When, in 1964, Brook received a play entitled The Persecution and Assassination of Marat as Performed by the Inmates of the Asylum of Charenton under the Direction of the Marquis de Sade (Marat/Sade), by German playwright Peter Weiss, it is also noted that Brook felt he had finally encountered the challenge of Shakespearean theater he was looking for. Not only was Marat/Sade an incredibly well written and unique approach to theater as a whole, its incorporation of music and movement, song and montage, and naturalism and surrealism within the text created the perfect passage, for Brook, from his commercial past to his experimental present, as well as a way for both the playwright and the director to deal with the concept of theater as therapy; a rather ironic, yet at the same time clever, idea seeing as how the play itself is conducted within the confines of an asylum, with the inmates themselves as the stars. One of the most complex aspects of presenting Marat/Sade was its large and eclectic cast of characters and also its incorporation of a play within a play. On stage, these points were, looking at the opinions of a majority of both the audiences and the critics, presented successfully by Brook and the cast he worked with. From the prison guards who loomed in the background, clothed in butcher aprons and armed with clubs, to the half-naked Marat, slouched in a tub and covered in wet rags, forever scratching and writing, to the small group of singers, dressed and painted up as clowns, to the narcoleptic but murderous Charlotte Corday, Weiss and Brook offered a stage production that both engaged and amazed the audience, while at the same time forced them to question their role as the audience; no better exemplified than at the very end of the play, where the inmates, standing menacingly at the edge of the stage, actually begin to applaud the very people who applaud their performance, aggravating and confusing some, but forcing most t... ...m, though they are quite safe behind a large facade of iron bars. This technique corresponds to the menacing way that the characters address the camera throughout the performance, and creates the necessary feeling, for the viewers, that no such barrier is available to protect them as they are drawn in uncomfortably closer to the inmates by Brook’s camerawork. We begin to question whether or not the soliloquies, spoken directly into the camera instead of to the protected aristocrats who originally played our ‘part’ of the audience, are still merely just a theater convention, or if the insanity of the performers is used as a catalyst for we, ourselves, to feel threatened directly by what is spoken. We also begin to question whether or not the inmate is even looking at the camera to address the audience, or is simply insane, and addressing the air around them, adding yet another layer to such complex characters. Creating such questions within the audience’ s mind also seems to create, for most, the aura of discomfort and skepticism that Brook was aiming to achieve, and reached quite successfully. Bibliography Lunatics, Lovers, and Poets by Margaret Croyden

How Workers Attitude and Job Satisfaction Affect Their Work.

Thesis Statements: Attitude and Job Satisfaction: A worker attitude towards work is directly linked to the job satisfaction; a worker who is satisfied with his job performs better and excels at what he does. It is therefore imperative for a company to understand the attitude of its workers and measure the job satisfaction of its employees, as job satisfaction is essential for productivity. Introduction Worker attitude and job satisfaction deals with how an organization behaves. It involves the management directing employees into improving organizational and personal effectiveness.It plays an enormous role in determining the attitudes of employees and their job satisfaction. When an employee is happy, it is usually because they are satisfied with their work. This also improves the quality of their work. Attitude and job satisfaction may not fall completely on the management but also on the employees. If employees enjoy their work, they will not need external motivation from management , but instead the satisfaction they attain from completing their work will motivate them (Robbins, 2004). Job satisfaction is an individual’s contentment with their work.Its effect on productivity is either positive or negative. The relationship between job satisfaction and job productivity is however not consistent. An individual may still obtain high job productivity without having the satisfaction in the work. This happens mostly when money is their motivation. Another motivator is improving in his or her work in order to receive a promotion. Other employees may increase their productivity due to the satisfaction they get from their work. A reason for job satisfaction may also come from an employee getting a good salary.It improves job satisfaction as long as an employee has knowledge of the fact that they get fair payment for their efforts at the end of the day. Job satisfaction has an effect on an individual’s satisfaction with life. If an employee does not get sa tisfaction in their work, they may seek for satisfaction in other work unrelated areas. This provides fulfillment and balance in their life. He or she may also be content with work as it relates with those work unrelated areas. Job dissatisfaction may also cause an employee to quit (Robbins, 2004). How Workers Attitude and Job Satisfaction Affect Their Work.An employee’s attitude towards authority may affect his or her relationship with management. Negative attitude towards authority will cause clashes in the work place. Psychology is another reason that affects an individual’s attitude. Another reason for a negative attitude towards authority is jealous for their position. This attitude affects job productivity in a negative way. If the workers attitude is a negative one so is their ability to produce positive results. Worker attitude and job satisfaction are two factors that affect a company’s productivity.There are different issues that affect worker attitude and job satisfaction either in a negative or positive way. These issues include the management, employee, sociology, communication, culture, and work environment. Management Role The management’s style of leading plays a huge role in worker attitude and job production. Empowerment is one factor that can motivate better productivity. If the management gives an employee opportunity to work according to their own standards, preferred that these standards measure up to those of the company, job productivity will increase.Human empowerment is satisfactory to every individual. Self-satisfaction leads to job satisfaction. We also have strategic planning by management. This is crucial when dealing with influencing job productivity. An example of a way to motivate employees is the management offering them opportunities for promotions and pay rise negotiations. This will encourage job productivity since employees will want to receive these rewards (Jackson, 2002). Organizational objec tives also affect how the management relates with the employees.If the organizational goal is to achieve a certain percentage of profit in a business year, then it will exert pressure on the employees to increase productivity. Positive influence is not the only way to ensure an increase in productivity. Some organizations offer contracts that clear states the amount of productivity needed from employees. This is in the case of sales and marketing where a sales representative needs to achieve a target on a certain deadline. This may mount pressure on the employees and in turn affect their job satisfaction. In some cases, the management is not as strict with the employees.The problem with this is that the employees might eventually relax on the job. An organization may also decide to add more working days depending on their goals. Complying with such a decision is hard and it may leave the employees bitter and resentful towards management. This attitude will affect job productivity, a s the employees will arrive to work with no motivation. Another factor in work attitude is time away from work. Apart from free time on the weekend, which is compulsory according to work ethics, employees need to take time off from work. This normally is the leave period (Jackson, 2002).Employee Role Some individuals choose professions that they like while others end up in their profession due to pressure. Pressure may come from the need to make money or a parent or guardian deciding on what their kids will do. When one chooses something they love doing or has an interest in, then they are content and happy about what they do. Love for a profession encourages a positive attitude. This is all the motivation employees need when it comes to productivity. A happy employee is a productive employee. When an employee loves what they are doing, they attain job satisfaction.This automatically affects productivity in a positive way. Productivity however suffers with negative employees who onl y work to make money. Their aim is to increase their productivity in order to get more money but this eventually makes them stressful and bitter. Since they have no interest in the work, satisfaction is hard for them to achieve. This is another form of motivation but is not sufficient. The two major ways for employees to improve, productivity in their professional areas is the choice of profession. Employees need ways to relieve their stress if they want to improve their work attitude and productivity.Work related stress is common among most employees. This is especially by employees that do not experience any job satisfaction from their work. Stress is something that may lead to more serious illnesses. This lowers productivity from the absence of employees in the work place. Stress is relieved by taking breaks from work, exercising, socializing with friends, and having fun. Psychological development is also another factor that affects attitude. Since psychology is what determines h uman behavior, it affects how we react and relate with others.Every one of us reacts differently to different situations. An example is when management is brutally honest about an employees work, some may take it is a warning to do better others may take it as criticism and give up. This depends on how an individual makes decisions. External factors such as the family, relationships, financial status are a few of other things that also affect the employees’ attitude. A healthy employee is a productive employee and a happy one. Social Role Our social behavior affects our work. This is in regard to introverts and extroverts.An introvert will not easily socialize with people. This affects their performance in a situation that needs teamwork. Teamwork requires all individuals to communicate with each other. If employees cannot work well together, it affects productivity. A company that encourages teamwork experiences higher productivity. Extroverts are aggressive people and some people may try to avoid them. Relationships in the work place affects attitudes and in turn productivity. If employees have a close relationship with each other, employees work well together and their attitudes improve as well.An improvement in attitude improves job productivity and satisfaction. In order to improve this relationship, some organizations encourage team building by dedicating a few days for members to socialize. This is through encouraging games in this sessions or providing projects for them to do. Interaction between employees helps them know each other better and beyond the work place. It improves their relationship and attitude towards each other (Edwards, 2004). Social role also involves the relationship between employees and management. In most organizations, this relationship is usually strictly professional.The only time the two interact is while it involves work. This is a way for the management to ensure that they have an upper hand towards the employees. Th is may lead to employees withdrawing from the management due to fear. Fear affects productivity, as the employee cannot approach the management if he/she is having trouble. They may imagine that the management will see this as a weakness. A good relationship is one where the management associates with its employees openly. Respect is the only thing that needs establishment between the two. This way, it is easy for employees to approach the management.A good relationship will improve employee productivity by improving their attitude and encouraging job satisfaction. Another social factor is competition. This is due to human nature to prove themselves. Employees may compete amongst each other for appraisal or a chance to grab an available higher position. This is a way for productivity to improve. Their attitude will depend on whether the competition is a healthy or an unhealthy one. An unhealthy one will lead to stress (Edwards, 2004). Communication Communication is how information t ransmits between the management and employees or between the employees themselves.Employees need to be free with the management in order to approach them when they are having trouble. Good communication has a positive effect on the employee’s job satisfaction. When all their needs a met, they can easily perform their duties efficiently. This increases job productivity and in turn improves the workers attitude. Communication is also important between employees. Employees need to maintain a good relationship with each other in order to communicate efficiently. Respect is an important factor in communication. In every organization, respect needs to drive how they communicate.A good way to implement communication between management and employees is by planning meetings. These meetings should allow employees to ask questions and express their opinion. Management should ask employees for their input and suggestions in matters concerning them. This will make the employees feel even more part of the organization. It will improve the relationship of everyone in the organization. Good communication leads to a good relationship that in turn improves employee attitude and job productivity (Mitchell). Culture The differences in culture affects people’s attitude.Different cultures have different practice. Some cultures do not allow their employees to work for certain amounts of hours. This may affect an individual if a transfer occurs and they get to a work situation that encourages more working hours. He/she will develop a negative attitude towards work. In some cultures, individuals are risk takers. They enjoy doing things beyond their capabilities. They attain satisfaction both in life and in work. There is no better motivation to improve their job productivity than this. In others, employees are hardworking. Their attitude towards work is usually a positive one (Jackson, 2002).Work environment A positive work environment improves on employee attitude. This depends on other employees, the management and the available resources. If an organization takes care of their employees by providing all needed resources, then their productivity will improve. Job productivity increases a business performance and profits, which in turn ensures that employees receive their salary frequently. When the business performs well then the employees are happy. A good performance in the organization gives the employees a positive attitude that improves their individual performance.As long as the employees are happy and performing, job productivity will increase. Job satisfaction improves employee’s relationships with customers. A good working relationship such as that one will increase on the sales of goods and services. Some company’s offer their employees bonuses especially during the holidays. This acts as an encouragement to the workers and improves their relationship with management. In departments such as sales and marketing, employeeâ⠂¬â„¢s performance can improve if given bonuses or commission when they bring in more sales clients.With this knowledge, the employee’s performance is sure to improve drastically (Edwards, 2004). Conclusion The duty of management and the employee in improving workers attitude is debatable. Some may argue that it is up to the employee to ensure that they attain job satisfaction from their work, as they are the only ones in control of their attitude and performance. It is also possible to say that all the responsibility is entirely the managements. They decide on the nature of the environment in which the employee works.The management holds the power to control employee salary, off time and promotion. External factors such as the environment, social situations, and culture also affect worker attitude and job satisfaction. In my opinion, it is up to both the parties to decide on worker attitude and job satisfaction. 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